历史常常重演. 旧潮流又流行起来了. Classic movies get remade for modern audiences. 新艺人从过去的歌曲中取样. Sometimes, historical milestones resurface unexpectedly. 十月初, the 阿肯色州卫生部 (ADH) officials warned the public of a locally acquired case of Malaria in Saline County, one of the first locally contracted malaria cases seen in almost 20 years. Since the warning, ADH has begun capturing mosquitos and testing them for the malaria parasite.
本地感染个案 of malaria are popping up in Florida, Texas, Maryland, Arkansas. All other instances of malaria between now and 2003 had come from overseas travel.
世界卫生组织的 世界疟疾报告 provides insight on global and regional malaria trends, 实现全球目标的进展, opportunities and challenges in controlling and eliminating malaria.
根据他们2022年的报告:
- Malaria can kill within 24 hours of symptom onset.
- There were around 247 million cases of malaria globally in 2021.
- Malaria cases have increased by 2 million since 2020.
- An estimated 619,000 people died from malaria in 2021, a slight decrease from 625,000 in 2019.
- 96% of deaths globally occurred in 29 countries, with four countries accounting for over half of all malaria deaths globally in 2021.
Malaria is not contagious from person to person unless a mosquito carries that infected blood and bites another person. 据博士说. Naveen帕蒂尔, the Medical Director of Infectious Diseases in Arkansas, Arkansas has not had a local case of malaria in the state in the 30 to 40 years since we started tracking it.
Arkansas was a historic location for malaria prevention efforts.
Over 100 years ago in Walnut Ridge, Arkansas, Dr. Zaphney稀稀拉拉 helped prove that malaria was linked to mosquitos. It was previously thought the disease was linked to 湿地周围空气污染严重，因此得名(mal-air-ee-a)。.
In 1914, the first death recorded by the newly formed Arkansas Bureau of Vital Statistics was due to malaria. 因为我们靠近密西西比河, Arkansas had one of the highest malaria rates in the U.S. 在20世纪初. Most of the cases came in counties touching the Mississippi.
ADH发布了一份“百年服务” report in 2013 that describes a malaria outbreak in Crossett. According to the report, 60% of the illnesses local doctors treated were cases of malaria. 因为这种疾病的流行, Arkansas became an ideal testing site for mosquito elimination efforts. At the time, Arkansas’s Board of Health, the Rockefeller Commission, the U.S. Public Health Service sought to completely eradicate malaria by eliminating or controlling breeding sites for mosquitos.
Workers marked locations of standing water and stagnant pools in a “sanitary census” and treated them by filling or draining pits, 清除灌木丛，让阳光照进来, spraying other breeding places with petroleum.
This treatment of breeding sites led to an 80% decrease in malaria cases from June to December of 1916. 从1915年到1917年, physicians’ calls for malaria dropped from a high of 2,500到200, 减少92%. The treatment methods were so successful that they gained national attention and became the gold standard for sanitary workers around the world.
今日预防疟疾
We are much more prepared to treat malaria than ever before. Thanks to advancements in medicine and diagnostics, we are able to take steps to treat malaria once detected.
Overseas travelers can protect themselves from malaria by taking prescription medication and using Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellants. 没有疟疾疫苗.
Which medicine to take depends on where you’re traveling. 和你的医生谈谈 你应该吃什么药 and start taking the medicine several days before your trip. While there are several insect repellants available on the market, the EPA recommends finding a 适合你的驱蚊剂.
疟疾的症状似乎很熟悉.
Early symptoms of malaria are fever, chills, sweating, body aches, nausea. Because these symptoms are common in other illnesses, it’s important to do additional research and consult your doctor to ensure that your symptoms are from malaria before seeking treatment at the hospital.
Mosquitos can reproduce in bodies of water as small as a bottle cap. Become familiar with areas that have stagnant bodies of water and be sure to take the steps to prevent mosquito bites if you are going to be around them.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says that climate change and warmer weather are making it easier for infectious diseases to spread. Animals carrying the diseases begin migrating at uncommon times or for longer periods, making the spread of the diseases they carry unexpected.
It’s important to consider the relationship between 气候变化和医疗保健 and make preparations for changes that could occur as a result of warmer weather or long periods of severe weather.
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